Jurnal TEDC
type: channel
description: Jurnal TEDC hadir sebagai wadah esensial yang merangkum beragam inovasi dan aplikasi teknologi terkini dari berbagai disiplin ilmu. Setiap edisinya menyajikan intisari dari penelitian mendalam, analisis komprehensif, dan pengembangan konsep-konsep mutakhir di bidang teknik, ekonomi, dan desain. Melalui ringkasan artikel yang disajikan secara padat dan informatif, pembaca dapat dengan cepat memahami inti permasalahan, metodologi yang digunakan, temuan utama, serta implikasi praktis dari setiap karya ilmiah. Jurnal ini menjadi sumber informasi yang efisien bagi para profesional, akademisi, dan pemangku kepentingan yang ingin tetap terhubung dengan perkembangan terkini tanpa harus membaca keseluruhan publikasi. Dengan menyajikan intisari yang jelas dan ringkas, Jurnal TEDC memfasilitasi pertukaran pengetahuan yang lebih cepat dan efektif. Pembaca dapat dengan mudah mengidentifikasi area penelitian yang relevan dengan minat dan kebutuhan mereka, membuka peluang untuk kolaborasi lebih lanjut atau penerapan ide-ide inovatif dalam konteks masing-masing. Sebagai representasi dari semangat eksplorasi dan aplikasi ilmu pengetahuan, Jurnal TEDC adalah pintu gerbang menuju pemahaman yang mendalam tentang lanskap teknologi dan inovasi saat ini. Ini adalah panduan ringkas namun komprehensif bagi siapa saja yang ingin menangkap esensi dari perkembangan terkini dan mengantisipasi tren masa depan dalam dunia teknik, ekonomi, dan desain. Jurnal Ilmiah TEDC merupakan Jurnal Ilmiah Berkala yang diterbitkan oleh Unit Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Politeknik TEDC. Jurnal Ilmiah TEDC mempublikasikan artikel ilmiah berupa hasil penelitian, gagasan, dan konsepsi dalam ilmu pendidikan, ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, seni, ekonomi dan bisnis maupun bidang-bidang ilmu lainnya. Jurnal Ilmiah TEDC berisis artikel ilmiah dari kalangan akademisi Politeknik TEDC maupun dari luar Politeknik TEDC.
publisher: UPPM Politeknik TEDC Bandung
language: en
publication name: Jurnal TEDC
issn: 1978-0060
items: PENGARUH LIMBAH CANGKANG TELUR TERHADAP KEPADATAN DAN DAYA DUKUNG TANAH LEMPUNG TALANG SALI SELUMA
items: PENGARUH UKURAN PARTIKEL TERHADAP RENDEMEN DAN KARAKTERISTIK MINYAK KEMIRI (ALEURITES MOLUCCANA) HASIL EKSTRAKSI SOXHLET MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT N-HEKSANA
items: RANCANG BANGUN RANGKA MESIN PARUT KELAPA TABUR
items: PENYEROBOTAN TANAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF KUHP NASIONAL TAHUN 2023
items: PERAN ULASAN DAN RATING DALAM MEMBANGUN KEPERCAYAAN KONSUMEN PADA TOKO MARKETPLACE SHOPEE-NAJAH SHOP
items: SISTEM MONITORING SAMPAH CERDAS BERBASIS DRONE MENGGUNAKAN VISI KOMPUTER
items: PENGENDALIAN MUTU MIKROBIOLOGI ES BATU BERDASARKAN NILAI MOST PROBABLE NUMBER
items: ANALISIS PERSEPSI KESULITAN MATERI PERKULIAHAN FISIKA PADA MAHASISWA VOKASI BERLATAR SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN
items: ANALISIS JENIS TANAH UNTUK DESAIN FONDASI PADA GEDUNG MABES POLRI DI IBU KOTA NUSANTARA (IKN)
items: PROBLEM MANUSIA DI ERA GLOBAL DAN SOLUSINYA
items: KORPORASI DALAM PERSPEKTIF TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI
items: PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN MINYAK ATSIRI CENGKEH PADA EDIBLE FILM BERBASIS PEKTIN KULIT PISANG TERHADAP KANDUNGAN VITAMIN C DAN TOTAL PLATE COUNT BUAH APEL POTONG
items: ANALISIS KEBOCORAN RADIATOR DAN CARA MENGATASINYA PADA DUMP TRUCK
items: DESKRIPSI BAHASA CYBERBULLYING DI MEDIA SOSIAL DAN KAITANNYA DENGAN TINGKAT KEPERCAYAAN DIRI REMAJA
items: PERANCANGAN SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN DAYA PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS
items: RANCANG BANGUN PENGENDALIAN KECEPATAN MOTOR INDUKSI TIGA FASA BERBASIS PLC SCADA DENGAN HMI HAIWELL MELALUI SISTEM JARAK JAUH
items: PENGARUH KONSENTRASI SUSU SKIM DAN LAMA PENYIMPANAN TERHADAP KADAR ASAM LAKTAT DAN pH YOGHURT
items: ANALISIS MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGY (MIE) BAHAN BAKAR AVTUR (JET-A1)
items: MODE KEGAGALAN STRUKTUR PIPA PADA CANTILEVER TUNGGAL
items: PENERAPAN NILAI-NILAI PANCASILA DALAM KEBUDAYAAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA (STUDI KASUS TRADISI DUNDUNAN DI JAWA TENGAH)
items: PENGARUH LAMA PERENDAMAN KAIN KATUN TERHADAP DAYA WARNA YANG DIHASILKAN EKSTRAK AKAR MENGKUDU (MORINDA CITRIFOLIA) SEBAGAI PEWARNA ALAMI
items: EVALUASI FAKTOR PENYEBAB PENGEMBALIAN KLAIM BPJS PASIEN RAWAT INAP DENGAN OPTIMALISASI PROFITABILITAS RUMAH SAKIT DI RSUD CIKALONG WETAN
items: RANCANG BANGUN POROS PADA MESIN PEMOTONG TULANG
items: TINJAUAN KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA FAKTOR FISIKA TERHADAP PETUGAS REKAM MEDIS BAGIAN PENYIMPANAN BERKAS DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH CIBABAT CIMAHI
items: PENENTUAN WAKTU PADA PERGERAKAN ELECTRIC SPRAY GUN UNTUK PROSES PENGECATAN POWDER COATING
items: PENTINGNYA MENGAJAR ‘DARI HATI KE HATI’ DALAM MELAKSANAKAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN
items: PENGARUH KOMPOSISI MEDIA FERMENTASI (SARI UMBI TALAS : AIR) DAN INOKULUM STARTER TERHADAP MUTU PROBIOTIK
items: TINJAUAN INDIKATOR EFISIENSI RUMAH SAKIT PADA RUANG RAWAT ANAK GUNA MENINGKATKAN MUTU PELAYANAN DI RUMAH SAKIT BHAYANGKARA TK. II SARTIKA ASIH BANDUNG
items: INOVASI TEKNOLOGI AI DI BIDANG ALAT BERAT INDONESIA
items: RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM FILLING SUSU FULL CREAM DAN SUSU KENTAL MANIS OTOMATIS BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER

PENGARUH LIMBAH CANGKANG TELUR TERHADAP KEPADATAN DAN DAYA DUKUNG TANAH LEMPUNG TALANG SALI SELUMA
type: item
description: This study was conducted to identify the effect of eggshell residue utilization on the compaction value and load-bearing capacity of clay soil. The soil material used came from the Talang Sali area, East Seluma District, Seluma Regency, where the soil has a high level of adhesiveness, weak bearing capacity, and characteristics of volume changes in the form of significant expansion and shrinkage, making it unsuitable as a construction base. The research technique used was a laboratory experiment by adding eggshell powder mixtures with compositions of 0%, 6%, 12%, and 18% of the total dry soil mass. Based on the test results, the use of eggshell powder waste was proven to be able to change the characteristics of clay soil both in terms of its basic properties and strength. The dry unit weight value of the soil showed a tendency to increase with increasing mixture content until it reached its most effective point, while the level of soil flexibility decreased. Furthermore, the CBR value used as a reference in assessing the soil's ability to withstand pressure showed higher results compared to the initial condition of the soil without treatment, thus indicating an improvement in the quality of the subgrade. However, using too much mixture can actually reduce the success of the soil improvement process.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Suci Meilda Farastica
creator: Elsa Ratih Hariza
creator: Sazuatmo -
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 126
ending page: 134
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i2.1604

PENGARUH UKURAN PARTIKEL TERHADAP RENDEMEN DAN KARAKTERISTIK MINYAK KEMIRI (ALEURITES MOLUCCANA) HASIL EKSTRAKSI SOXHLET MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT N-HEKSANA
type: item
description: This study aimed to analyze the effect of particle size on the yield and physicochemical characteristics of candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) oil extracted using the Soxhlet method with n-hexane solvent. The research was conducted experimentally using candlenut particle sizes of 0.25 mm, 0.71 mm, and 2.00 mm. The extraction process was carried out using a Soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane solvent for 2 hours at a temperature of 68–70°C. The parameters analyzed included oil yield, moisture content, density, saponification value, free fatty acid content, and refractive index. The results showed that particle size affected both the oil yield and the physicochemical properties of the extracted candlenut oil. The 0.25 mm particle size produced the highest oil yield of 34.690%, while the 2.00 mm particle size produced the lowest yield of 13.128%. Oil extracted from the 0.25 mm particle size also exhibited better physicochemical characteristics compared to the other particle sizes in terms of moisture content, density, saponification value, free fatty acid content, and refractive index. Smaller particle sizes increased the extraction effectiveness by providing a larger contact surface area between the material and the solvent. The study indicates that particle size is an important parameter in optimizing candlenut oil extraction using the Soxhlet method.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Lulu Nurdini
creator: Andini Hizbiyati
creator: T. H. Bestari
creator: Lusi Marlina
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 135
ending page: 143
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i2.1612

RANCANG BANGUN RANGKA MESIN PARUT KELAPA TABUR
type: item
description: The Grated Coconut Sprinkles Machine functions to grate whole coconuts into a sprinkled form using a bladed shaft driven by a motor. A crucial component of this machine is the frame, which serves as a support or foundation for all components to ensure the machine operates at its maximum capacity. The design of this frame utilizes SolidWorks software, with a manufacturing method encompassing four stages: working drawing identification, tool selection, the manufacturing process, and frame performance testing. The material used is 50x50x5 mm angle iron made of medium carbon steel (ST37 specification steel). This material has a maximum tensile/compression stress of 370 N/mm2 and an allowable stress of 240 N/mm2. Structural calculations were performed using relevant formulas to ensure the frame is capable of supporting the entire load of the machine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Agus Saleh
creator: Rhefalda Rhejka Rhendrawan
creator: Darwinto -
creator: Nia Ekawati
creator: Edison Ginting
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 120
ending page: 125
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i2.1587

PENYEROBOTAN TANAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF KUHP NASIONAL TAHUN 2023
type: item
description: Land encroachment is one of the most frequently occurring legal problems in Indonesia, causing significant harm to individuals and to the general order of land law. Prior to the enactment of the National Criminal Code (Law Number 1 of 2023), the regulation on such acts referred to Article 385 of the old Criminal Code, a colonial-era provision deemed inadequate as it focused on fraud in land transactions rather than direct physical encroachment. This study examines the normative shift in land encroachment provisions from the old Criminal Code to the 2023 National Criminal Code, covering analysis of criminal elements, sanctions, corporate liability, a critical assessment of Articles 181-186 effectiveness, court decision analysis, and law enforcement challenges. The normative legal research method is applied with statutory and conceptual approaches. Findings indicate that the National Criminal Code provides more specific and comprehensive formulations through Articles 181-186, with a more differentiated sanction system and corporate criminal liability. Effective enforcement, however, still requires improvements in land administration, law enforcement capacity, and institutional coordination.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Daniel Romi Sihombing
creator: Carens Agatha Sihombing
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 108
ending page: 119
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i2.1611

PERAN ULASAN DAN RATING DALAM MEMBANGUN KEPERCAYAAN KONSUMEN PADA TOKO MARKETPLACE SHOPEE-NAJAH SHOP
type: item
description: Trust is a key aspect in e-commerce transactions, particularly for homemade frozen food products on Shopee, which involve high levels of risk and uncertainty. This study aims to analyze the contribution of customer reviews and ratings, or electronic word of mouth (e-WOM), in building consumer trust in Najah Shop on the Shopee marketplace. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach by analyzing the content of customer reviews, rating systems, and interactions between sellers and buyers. The findings indicate that detailed reviews regarding product quality, taste, and packaging, combined with positive ratings and prompt, informative seller responses, significantly enhance consumer trust and influence purchase decisions, even though the products cannot be inspected directly.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Elvathna Syafwan
creator: Ratna Rizky Wulandari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 102
ending page: 107
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i2.1586

SISTEM MONITORING SAMPAH CERDAS BERBASIS DRONE MENGGUNAKAN VISI KOMPUTER
type: item
description: Conventional Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management, which is reactive and relies heavily on manual reporting, often fails to detect waste accumulation in a timely manner, thereby threatening human health and ecosystem sustainability. As an innovative solution, this study successfully designed and implemented an intelligent waste detection system based on image processing integrated into autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (drones). Through high-resolution aerial imagery scanning processed with deep learning algorithms, this system is capable of transmitting real-time location coordinates of waste accumulation to relevant authorities using GPS modules and GSM networks. Testing in real urban environments under various conditions demonstrated outstanding performance, with the system achieving a detection accuracy of 89.4%, an average data transmission latency of 2.3 seconds, a scanning area coverage of up to 1.2 km² per flight hour, and a GPS coordinate precision of ±3 meters. With these results, this technological integration has proven to be an effective, efficient, and scalable solution for proactive waste monitoring, which can be further developed in the future alongside robotics-based transportation systems to create a fully automated, responsive, and environmentally friendly urban waste management ecosystem.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Rachmat Iskandar
creator: Reni Listiana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 93
ending page: 101
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i2.1550

PENGENDALIAN MUTU MIKROBIOLOGI ES BATU BERDASARKAN NILAI MOST PROBABLE NUMBER
type: item
description: The dynamic culinary trends that produce food and beverages utilizing ice cubes as a primary element or sensation enhancer have driven an increase in ice cube consumption, particularly in Bandung. In practice, ice cube production often disregards hygienic factors, posing a risk of contamination by bacteria such as Coliform and Escherichia coli. Therefore, this descriptive laboratory study aims to detect coliform and Escherichia coli bacterial contamination in five samples of consumable ice cubes within the TEDC Polytechnic Bandung environment. Utilizing the Most Probable Number (MPN) method through a series of presumptive, confirmed, and completed tests, it was found that all samples tested positive for coliform, with the highest concentration reaching 240 MPN/100 mL. Furthermore, identification via IMViC tests confirmed the presence of E. coli in one sample. Since the results do not comply with the quality standards set by the Regulation of the Minister of Health (Permenkes) No. 492 of 2010, a rigorous evaluation of hygienity and sanitation in the ice cube production process is required.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Lusi Marlina
creator: Irma Nuril Maryam
creator: Anis Sarah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 84
ending page: 92
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i2.1630

ANALISIS PERSEPSI KESULITAN MATERI PERKULIAHAN FISIKA PADA MAHASISWA VOKASI BERLATAR SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN
type: item
description: The transition from Vocational High School (SMK) to higher technical education often presents significant academic hurdles, particularly in Physics. This gap is largely attributed to the SMK curriculum, which typically limits Physics instruction to only two semesters. To address this, a descriptive quantitative study was conducted at TEDC Polytechnic Bandung to map the perceptions of Electrical Engineering students across various Physics topics. Using a Likert scale survey, the research revealed a stark contrast between General and Electrical Physics. Modern Physics was identified as the most challenging topic by 59% of students due to its abstract nature. Conversely, 86% of respondents labeled Direct Current (DC) as the easiest. However, this high confidence level raises concerns regarding the “Illusion of Competence”, where students feel they have mastered the subject by simply performing mathematical procedures without grasping the fundamental concepts. Statistical data showed a difficulty score of 3.18 for General Physics and 2.79 for Electrical Physics. While students perceive a strong foundation in electricity, the study emphasizes a necessary pedagogical shift. The primary recommendation is to move away from procedural-mathematical methods toward phenomenon-based contextual learning. This approach ensures students do not merely memorize formulas but instead construct a profound, conceptual understanding of science.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ahmad Kurnia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 68
ending page: 76
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i1.1513

ANALISIS JENIS TANAH UNTUK DESAIN FONDASI PADA GEDUNG MABES POLRI DI IBU KOTA NUSANTARA (IKN)
type: item
description: The relocation of the national capital to Penajam Paser Utara requires infrastructure planning that is adaptive to local geotechnical conditions, including the construction of the National Police Headquarters building. This study evaluates soil characteristics through laboratory testing at three borehole points (BH-01, BH-02, BH-03) to determine the physical and mechanical parameters of the soil. Based on the test results at the CND Geoteknika Laboratory, which included grain size analysis, Atterberg limits, consolidation, triaxial and direct shear tests, it was found that the soil at the site was dominated by clay fractions (81–89%) and classified as CH (fat clay) soil with high plasticity. This characteristic is marked by a liquid limit of 61–67% and a plasticity index of 40–49%, which indicates significant swelling and shrinkage potential as well as easily compacted properties with a compression index of 0.20–0.31. Shear strength parameters show a cohesion value of 31–62 kN/m² with varying angles of friction. The implication is that the condition of this expansive clay soil poses a risk of settlement and long-term structural instability. Therefore, this study recommends the use of deep foundations or soil improvement methods as geotechnical mitigation strategies to ensure the safety and structural performance of the National Police Headquarters Building in the future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Reni Raafidiani
creator: Algia Ravelo
creator: Aditia Febriansya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 46
ending page: 54
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i1.1441

PROBLEM MANUSIA DI ERA GLOBAL DAN SOLUSINYA
type: item
description: This study presents a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the complexity of human problems in the contemporary era of globalization, characterized by multidimensional disruption phenomena. The primary objective of this paper is to dissect the social and psychological pathologies arising from the interaction between digital technological advancement, global economic integration, and the erosion of local cultural values. Through extensive literature review and analysis of recent secondary data from the 2023-2025 period, this research identifies that the "connectivity paradox" has spawned a global mental health crisis, where digital hyperconnectivity correlates directly with increased social isolation, self-alienation, and anxiety disorders. Furthermore, cultural homogenization has triggered severe identity crises among the youth, while economic pressures due to automation and global competition exacerbate inequality and existential insecurity. In response to this crisis, this paper formulates an integrative solution framework emphasizing the revitalization of local wisdom as an adaptive filter, character education reform oriented towards moral resilience, and structural policies that humanize technology. The analysis suggests that a synthesis of global insights and local wisdom roots is key to restoring human well-being and social cohesion amidst the currents of globalization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Husain Abdul Ghani
creator: Rizki Amelia Putri
creator: Asmat Purba
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 37
ending page: 45
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i1.1483

KORPORASI DALAM PERSPEKTIF TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI
type: item
description: The development of corruption in Indonesia has transformed from individual crime to organized corporate crime, but the implementation of laws against business entities is still very limited despite being regulated in the Anti Corruption Law. This normative legal research shows that corporate criminal liability is based on the theories of vicarious liability, strict liability, and identification theory, where Article 20 of the Anti-Corruption Law allows for the prosecution of executives, corporations, or both. However, law enforcement faces serious obstacles, ranging from unclear sanctions (legal), difficulties in proving cases and the conventional paradigm of the authorities (practice), to concerns about the economic impact (cultural). To overcome these challenges, this study recommends reformulating regulations to clarify criminal criteria and expand the types of sanctions, as well as strengthening the capacity of law enforcement through specialized units and forensic technology to create more effective and integrated corporate corruption eradication in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Daniel Romi Sihombing
creator: Carens Agatha Sihombing
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 77
ending page: 83
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i1.1496

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN MINYAK ATSIRI CENGKEH PADA EDIBLE FILM BERBASIS PEKTIN KULIT PISANG TERHADAP KANDUNGAN VITAMIN C DAN TOTAL PLATE COUNT BUAH APEL POTONG
type: item
description: Banana plants (Musaceae sp.) are one of the most common fruit plants in Indonesia. The high production of banana is directly proportional to the amount of banana peel waste produced. One alternative to address this banana peel waste is to utilize the pectin contained in it as a material for making edible films. Clove essential oil can be used as an additive in edible films as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent that can inhibit food-spoiling microorganisms. The methods used in this study were the extraction of banana peel pectin and the coating method for applying edible film to apple slices, with variations in pectin concentration of 0, 4, 6, and 8 grams and clove essential oil of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mL. The results of the TPC test ranged from 11x106 Cfu/mL to 131x106 Cfu/mL, and the vitamin C percentage ranged from 0.008% to 0.026%.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Myra Wardati Sari
creator: Berta Khairun Nissa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 55
ending page: 61
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i1.1503

ANALISIS KEBOCORAN RADIATOR DAN CARA MENGATASINYA PADA DUMP TRUCK
type: item
description: The rapid development of heavy equipment technology involves complex systems, notably the cooling system, which is crucial for maintaining optimal engine operating temperatures. High thermal energy generated during combustion must be effectively managed to prevent engine failure. The radiator serves as the primary component in this process, yet it frequently experiences performance degradation due to neglected periodic maintenance and aging factors. This study aims to identify the specific causes of radiator damage, particularly leakage phenomena, and to analyze its impact on the engine's optimal operating temperature, which typically ranges from 75°C to 90°C. The research employed technical observation and component analysis of the radiator. The investigation focused on component replacement schedules and the chemical reactions between the coolant and radiator materials that lead to corrosion and material erosion. The findings indicate that radiator leakage is primarily caused by improper maintenance schedules and chemical reactions resulting from the accumulation of compounds within the coolant. Unaddressed damage without routine inspection potentially leads to overheating, which impairs engine performance and results in extensive, irreparable damage. Therefore, disciplined periodic inspections are highly recommended to ensure sustained engine performance stability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Wachidin -
creator: Bagus Setia Budi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 14
ending page: 21
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i1.1504

DESKRIPSI BAHASA CYBERBULLYING DI MEDIA SOSIAL DAN KAITANNYA DENGAN TINGKAT KEPERCAYAAN DIRI REMAJA
type: item
description: The increasingly widespread use of social media has intensified adolescents’ engagement in digital spaces, simultaneously creating opportunities for cyberbullying through the use of negative language in online interactions. Language on social media is characterized by its informal register, emotive expressions, and a tendency to be less regulated. This study aims to describe the forms of cyberbullying language on social media and to examine its impact on adolescents’ self-esteem who are active social media users. Data were collected through observations of comments and posts across various social media platforms, supported by documentation in the form of screenshots. Data analysis was conducted through the stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that cyberbullying language is conveyed both explicitly and implicitly, encompassing insults related to physical condition and appearance, as well as stigmatization based on social status and economic class. The impacts include diminished self-esteem, fear of self-expression, and a tendency toward social withdrawal. This study underscores that cyberbullying language exerts a significant influence on adolescents’ self-esteem and highlights the need for preventive efforts through digital literacy and the promotion of respectful language use on social media.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ratna Rizky Wulandari
creator: Ni Kadek Puja Lestari
creator: Alexa Febrianty
creator: Hana Shakira Pramudhita
creator: Syifa Tahara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 62
ending page: 67
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i1.1507

PERANCANGAN SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN DAYA PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS
type: item
description: Electricity has become a crucial necessity that supports all human activities, making innovations in alternative energy sources such as Solar Power Plants (SPP) highly relevant, especially in Indonesia, which has abundant solar potential with an average intensity of 4.8 kWh/m². However, the use of existing static PLTS systems is considered unable to absorb energy optimally. Therefore, this research developed a solution in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based Solar Tracking System through the Research and Development (R&D) method. This system was designed through systematic stages, starting from literature review to tool refinement, to ensure its performance is superior to conventional systems. As a result, the Solar Tracking System is capable of producing a stable power of 1000 watts for 2 hours at maximum load, with the advantage of a power difference of 100.26 Wp/day greater than static systems. From an economic perspective, the use of this solar tracking technology has proven to be more effective and efficient, with operational cost savings of IDR 90,000 per month. To achieve more optimal performance in the future, this research recommends increasing the capacity of solar panels to 600 Wp and using a 4000-watt inverter so that the conversion of solar energy into electricity can be maximized for community needs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Saripudin -
creator: Muhamad Rizki Hermawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 27
ending page: 36
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i1.1492

RANCANG BANGUN PENGENDALIAN KECEPATAN MOTOR INDUKSI TIGA FASA BERBASIS PLC SCADA DENGAN HMI HAIWELL MELALUI SISTEM JARAK JAUH
type: item
description: Three-phase induction motors are vital components in industry, but controlling their speed requires special methods and remote monitoring for greater efficiency. This research aims to design a motor speed and rotation direction control system integrated with PLC, SCADA, and Haiwell HMI. The research methods include literature study, system design, hardware assembly, programming, and data testing. This system uses Delta 007EL021 VFD as a frequency regulator to control speed and rotation direction. The VFD is controlled by an Omron CP2E ND20DR-A PLC through a CP1W-CIF11 communication module. For the monitoring interface, a Haiwell B7s HMI connected to Haiwell Cloud SCADA is used, enabling operation via a smartphone as long as there is an internet connection. The test results show that the system works well in real-time. The motor speed is proven to be linearly affected by frequency; at a frequency of 5 Hz, the motor rotates at 148 rpm, and at 50 Hz, it reaches 1496 rpm. This integration has succeeded in facilitating remote monitoring and simplifying conventional complex wiring.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Eva Damayanti
creator: Alji Leanardi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 6
ending page: 13
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i1.1438

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI SUSU SKIM DAN LAMA PENYIMPANAN TERHADAP KADAR ASAM LAKTAT DAN pH YOGHURT
type: item
description: Yoghurt is a fermented dairy product characterized by an acidic taste and low pH resulting from lactic acid bacteria activity. The chemical characteristics of yoghurt are influenced by raw material formulation and storage conditions. This study aimed to analyze the effect of skim milk concentration and storage duration on lactic acid content and yoghurt pH. The study was conducted experimentally using skim milk concentrations of 3%, 4%, and 5% with storage periods of 1, 7, and 14 days under refrigerated conditions. Lactic acid content was analyzed using alkalimetric titration, while pH was measured using a pH meter. The results showed that increasing skim milk concentration and storage duration increased lactic acid content and decreased yoghurt pH during controlled cold storage.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Lusi Marlina
creator: Mega Kristiani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 22
ending page: 26
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v20i1.1506

ANALISIS MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGY (MIE) BAHAN BAKAR AVTUR (JET-A1)
type: item
description: This research aims to analyze and document the Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of JET A-1 fuel. MIE, or the minimum energy required for ignition, is a crucial safety parameter in the handling and storage of aviation fuels. The methodology follows the ASTM E582 standard, measuring the electrical spark energy needed to ignite JET A-1 vapor under standard conditions (25°C and 1 atm). The study found that the MIE for JET A-1 fuel ranges from 0.2 mJ to 0.5 mJ at the optimum mixture ratio. This confirms that the fuel has a moderate to high ignition risk. The MIE value is significantly influenced by various factors, including temperature and pressure. At temperatures above its flash point (>38°C), the MIE decreases sharply, while dynamic conditions like vibration and sloshing can lower the fuel's flammability limits. A deep understanding of the MIE of JET A-1 is essential for mitigating fire and explosion risks. The findings emphasize the necessity of implementing strict safety measures, such as controlling spark sources, grounding equipment, and ensuring adequate ventilation, to enhance safety standards in the aviation industry.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Santosa Edy Wibowo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i3.1411

MODE KEGAGALAN STRUKTUR PIPA PADA CANTILEVER TUNGGAL
type: item
description: The Cantilever structure is a structure that is commonly found in general. This structure usually consists of a beam that is supported or fixed at one end, while the other end of the material used as a Cantilever beam works openly (without support) and has a specific load at its end. When a load is applied to the open side, the supported end will experience a moment that varies in value depending on the applied load. This type of structure is widely used, generally in the installation of CCTV in open areas and in street lighting. Based on this background, the author aims to conduct research related to the planned material strength, namely carbon pipes. In addition, the research is conducted to minimize excessive expenditures, meaning that the goal is to design something that is useful, affordable, and has good durability or resilience in its operation. In this study, the method used is data collection through literature studies, interviews, or direct observations of the positions of the poles that have been installed along the passed roads. The result of this research is a robust yet inexpensive single cantilever structure, thus it can be concluded that a good, strong, and load-resistant structure does not always have to be made at a high cost.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Darwinto -
creator: Agus Saleh
creator: Edison Ginting
creator: Eva Damayanti
creator: Rudi M Simorangkir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 113
ending page: 120
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1249

PENERAPAN NILAI-NILAI PANCASILA DALAM KEBUDAYAAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA (STUDI KASUS TRADISI DUNDUNAN DI JAWA TENGAH)
type: item
description: Pancasila has values ​​related to people's social and cultural lives. The aim of this research is to study how Pancasila values ​​are applied in the Dundunan tradition in Central Java, which is part of the local culture. The Dundunan tradition greatly influences the spiritual and social life of the community, which includes various ceremonies and customs. This study identifies how the practices and philosophies in the tradition translate the values ​​of Pancasila, especially in terms of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy and social justice. This research found that Pancasila values ​​are reflected implicitly in every aspect of the Dundunan tradition, which increases a sense of togetherness, solidarity and respect for nature and other people. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and participatory observation methods. This study shows that Pancasila is not only a state ideology, but more than that.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Daniel Romi Sihombing
creator: Callysta Nur Naaila
creator: Denissa Angela Sihombing
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 161
ending page: 166
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1239

PENGARUH LAMA PERENDAMAN KAIN KATUN TERHADAP DAYA WARNA YANG DIHASILKAN EKSTRAK AKAR MENGKUDU (MORINDA CITRIFOLIA) SEBAGAI PEWARNA ALAMI
type: item
description: The textile industry requires innovation in the use of dyeing materials that are not only effective but also environmentally friendly. One potential source of natural dyes is noni root (Morinda citrifolia), which contains anthocyanin and morindone compounds as coloring agents. This study aims to examine the effect of immersion duration on the color strength of cotton fabric dyed with natural dye extracted from noni root (Morinda citrifolia). The dye extraction was carried out using two methods: heating (batch) and maceration with methanol as the solvent. The dyeing process included mordanting, dyeing with varying immersion duration (8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 hours), and fixation. The results showed that longer immersion duration increased amount of dye bound to the fabric in both extraction methods. Color fastness tests produced results categorized as poor (2–3/2.5), fair (3.0), and good (4/4–5/4.5). These findings indicate that natural dye extracted from noni root can be used as an alternative natural dye for textiles, particularly cotton fabric, with sufficient color stability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Myra Wardati Sari
creator: Cengristitama -
creator: Yogi Sopian
creator: Ratna Rizky Wulandari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 121
ending page: 129
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1255

EVALUASI FAKTOR PENYEBAB PENGEMBALIAN KLAIM BPJS PASIEN RAWAT INAP DENGAN OPTIMALISASI PROFITABILITAS RUMAH SAKIT DI RSUD CIKALONG WETAN
type: item
description: This concerns the return of claim files from the Social Security Administering Body (BPJS) to the hospital. Problems were found in the Participant Eligibility Letter (SEP) for inpatient care, which was not issued by the BPJS. There was a delay in the issuance or claiming of the SEP by the BPJS from January to April 2023. The research method used was a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The population consisted of all BPJS inpatient claim files from the last three months at Cikalongwetan Regional General Hospital, totaling 251 files. The sampling technique used was total sampling, with 251 samples. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Data processing techniques were editing and tabulation. Research instruments included stationery, a stopwatch, interview guidelines, a calculator, and a checklist sheet. The research results indicate that Cikalongwetan Regional General Hospital does not yet have written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) regarding the implementation of BPJS claims. From the sample data of returned inpatient BPJS claims, totaling 251 files from May to July 2024, in May, the criterion for illegible doctor's handwriting was 98 (36.6%). Therefore, the author suggests regular training and education for medical staff and routine supervision to ensure compliance with Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Intan Pujilestari
creator: Gina Fajriani
creator: Edih Gunawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 152
ending page: 156
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1254

RANCANG BANGUN POROS PADA MESIN PEMOTONG TULANG
type: item
description: Along with population growth, diverse preferences and lifestyles, fluctuating prices, and increasing consumer financial capabilities, the need for animal protein-based foods such as meat has also increased. Increasing public awareness of the importance of balanced nutrition, population growth, and increasing financial capabilities of the community are factors that cause an increase in the desire to consume beef. Given the increasing need for meat and bones with relatively high community needs, special equipment is needed, namely a bone cutting machine, to help cut bones quickly. To make this machine, data was collected through observation and literature studies. The author used Solidwork 2020 to make the shaft of this bone cutting machine, then performed calculations manually. Based on the results of the shaft design, the torsional moment on the drive shaft was calculated as 13045 kg, the permissible shear stress was 4.1 kg/mm2, the main shaft diameter was 24 mm, the shear stress was 4.81 kg/mm2, the shaft length was 260 mm, and the torsional deflection was 0.72°. The results of the functional test of the bone cutting machine shaft can run according to plan. The results can be used as a teaching tool for mechanical engineering students, and the design of the cutting knife can be improved so that it can be used optimally and benefit society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aditya Rizky Maulana
creator: Agus Saleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 147
ending page: 151
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1130

TINJAUAN KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA FAKTOR FISIKA TERHADAP PETUGAS REKAM MEDIS BAGIAN PENYIMPANAN BERKAS DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH CIBABAT CIMAHI
type: item
description: Based on direct observations made by the author at RSUD Cibabat Cimahi in the file storage room and interviews with medical record officers, problems were found in the medical record file storage room in terms of occupational safety and health, physical factors, namely lighting, noise and work climate, namely lack of lighting and space which felt too dark and damp. The aim of this research is to provide a general description of the physical factors in the medical records storage room and their impact on medical records officers and the controls that have been carried out. The research method used was a qualitative descriptive method and an observational method with a cross sectional approach. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation. The subjects in this research were medical records officers in the file storage room at the Cibabat Cimahi Regional General Hospital with the research object being occupational health and safety, the physical factors of lighting, noise and work climate. The results of this research are that the storage space for medical record files in terms of physical factors, lighting and work climate does not comply with Permenkes No. 7 Tahun 2019, namely lighting ranges from 23-81 lux, room temperature ranges from 28-30°C with humidity ranging from 65-68 and the height of the air conditioner is 3 meters above the floor and 0.10 meters so the impact on medical records officers is not yet up to standard Permenkes No. 66 Tahun 2016, while the physical noise factor ranges from 40-49 dBa, which is in accordance with these two standards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Suharto -
creator: Salwa Alya Cahyani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 130
ending page: 141
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1256

PENENTUAN WAKTU PADA PERGERAKAN ELECTRIC SPRAY GUN UNTUK PROSES PENGECATAN POWDER COATING
type: item
description: Powder coating is a painting process used to coat metal surfaces, providing a more durable and aesthetically pleasing finish compared to conventional painting. This method falls under the category of dry finishing, where the coating material is in the form of a fine powder consisting of a mixture of resin, color pigments, and other additives. The powder is electrostatically charged to adhere strongly to the cleaned metal surface. The coating process is carried out by spraying the powder using an electric spray gun, followed by a heating or oven curing process to melt and bond the powder permanently onto the metal surface. In an automated powder coating system, the movement of the electric spray gun and the metal object being coated is crucial to ensure uniform thickness and coating quality. For this purpose, two types of motors are used: a continuous rotation servo motor to rotate the object holder, and a DC motor to move the electric spray gun linearly. Both motors are controlled by an Arduino Uno microcontroller, which acts as the main control center, and an Omron CP1E PLC, which manages the overall industrial process control logic. The speed and movement time of the DC motor significantly affect the spray coverage distance. Based on testing, to reach a distance of 25 cm, the DC motor requires 3325 ms at a speed of 0.075 m/s. For a distance of 20 cm, the required time is 2670 ms, while for 15 cm, the motor runs for 2005 ms. These time calculations are essential to ensure that the metal surface area receives sufficient and even powder spray. With this system, the coating process can be performed automatically, efficiently, and consistently according to the programmed parameters.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Yurika Sjahrul
creator: Tita Novita
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 105
ending page: 112
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1250

PENTINGNYA MENGAJAR ‘DARI HATI KE HATI’ DALAM MELAKSANAKAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN
type: item
description: The discussion in this article is: the importance of teaching from heart to heart in carrying out Christian religious education. Teaching from heart to heart means that lecturers convey their teaching materials by first getting to know the background of students, families, residences, and parents' work. By getting to know the personality of students, lecturers can easily touch the feelings and intellectuals of students. In this article, we will discuss how to teach from heart to heart, what must be prepared by a lecturer so that learning can successfully reach students on campus? The method in this study is literature research using print media and online media. The result that will be obtained in this study is the discovery of a teaching model that can touch the realm of students' feelings, so that learning is more successful than just from mind to mind.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Asmat Purba
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 92
ending page: 98
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1236

PENGARUH KOMPOSISI MEDIA FERMENTASI (SARI UMBI TALAS : AIR) DAN INOKULUM STARTER TERHADAP MUTU PROBIOTIK
type: item
description: Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a source of carbohydrates that is rich in nutrients, low in fat, low in calories, and gluten-free. Taro juice has the potential to be processed into functional beverages for the community. Increasing the functional value of the beverage can be done through fermentation with probiotic bacteria, resulting in a taro tuber juice probiotic beverage. Taro tubers provide nutrients that support the growth of lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus casei, which is commonly used in the production of probiotic drinks. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fermentation media composition represented by the ratio of taro tuber juice and water, as well as the concentration of starter inoculum (Lactobacillus casei) on the quality of probiotic drinks produced. This study used a 2x4 factorial completely randomized design (CRD) method, with the first factor being the ratio of taro root juice and water (50:50 mL, 30:70 mL, 25:75 mL, 20:80 mL) and the second factor being the starter concentration (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%). Quality testing of the final product included pH analysis, total bacteria, total titratable acid, viscosity, and organoleptic evaluation (color, texture, aroma, and taste) based on SNI 7552-2009. The results showed that the best treatment in the production of taro root juice probiotic drink was obtained in the combination of taro root juice and water ratio of 30:70 mL with 4% starter concentration. This condition produced a product with a pH value of 5, total acid of 0.29%, viscosity of 12.83 cp, and organoleptic scores for color, texture, aroma, and taste of 2.8, 2.5, 2.9, and 2.5, respectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Lusi Marlina
creator: Nada Sri Mulyani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 167
ending page: 173
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1266

TINJAUAN INDIKATOR EFISIENSI RUMAH SAKIT PADA RUANG RAWAT ANAK GUNA MENINGKATKAN MUTU PELAYANAN DI RUMAH SAKIT BHAYANGKARA TK. II SARTIKA ASIH BANDUNG
type: item
description: Based on the results of observations conducted in the Inpatient Pediatric Medical Record Reporting Room at Bhayangkara Tk.II Sartika Asih Hospital in Bandung, there are efficiency parameters for inpatient services that have not reached the ideal level. The Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR) does not meet the Barber Johnson standard, which should be between 75% and 85%. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficiency level of bed utilization in the Pediatric Ward in order to improve the quality of healthcare services. The research method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach, employing data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and document studies. Based on the research findings, it was revealed that in January and December there was an increase in BOR, Length of Stay (LOS), Turnover Interval (TOI), and Bed Turnover (BTO), which did not meet the Barber Johnson standard.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Wowo Trianto
creator: Inal Abidin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 157
ending page: 160
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1260

INOVASI TEKNOLOGI AI DI BIDANG ALAT BERAT INDONESIA
type: item
description: The increasing need for efficiency and productivity in the Indonesian heavy equipment sector requires technological innovation to improve performance and reduce operational costs. This article aims to develop and implement Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology in heavy equipment in Indonesia, so that it can improve efficiency and productivity. By using an AI system development approach consisting of several stages, namely data collection, model development, testing, and implementation and also conducting needs analysis and identification of the potential for implementing AI technology in heavy equipment in Indonesia. The results show that AI technology can improve the efficiency and productivity of heavy equipment in Indonesia by reducing operational time and maintenance costs. In addition, AI technology can also improve work safety and reduce the risk of accidents. The conclusion obtained is that AI technology innovation can be an effective solution to improve efficiency and productivity in the Indonesian heavy equipment sector. Therefore, it recommends the application of AI technology to heavy equipment in Indonesia to improve performance and reduce operational costs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Yoddy Agung Nuhgraha
creator: Novita Lestari Anggreini
creator: Dini Rohmayani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 99
ending page: 104
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1259

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM FILLING SUSU FULL CREAM DAN SUSU KENTAL MANIS OTOMATIS BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER
type: item
description: Filling system technology is a technology for filling liquid into cups continuously which will make it easier for companies or small entrepreneurs to make drinks. In this technology, an Arduino Atmega 2560 microcontroller is needed as a system control, and an InfraRed (IR) sensor to detect the presence of an object (cup). This filling system technology is used continuously, using a conveyor as a tool to move objects from one place to another. The transfer of the place must have a fixed location so that the conveyor system has economic value. From this filling system, it achieved a success rate of 95% overall, while for sensor accuracy, it was obtained as much as 88% of the 20 cups that had been tested. While for filling milk in 10 cups, the average result was obtained on the first pump, which was 37.5 ml, and on the second pump, which was 49 ml.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Reni Listiana Listiana
creator: Raden Raihan S
creator: Santosa Edy Wibowo
creator: Ahmad Kurnia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal TEDC
date: 2025-05-31
publication date: 2025-05-31
starting page: 142
ending page: 146
doi: 10.70428/tedc.v19i2.1265